OWASP Top 10 for LLMs | Security Guide for GenAI

Learn about critical security risks for Large Language Models (LLMs) according to OWASP and mitigation strategies in distributed infrastructures.

In 2026, the OWASP Top 10 for LLMs (v2.0, 2025) consolidates as the most up-to-date guide for mitigating critical vectors affecting AI applications. Integrating robust API Security strategies is fundamental to protect these interfaces, requiring semantic validation of inputs/outputs, training pipeline protection, and distributed controls on global infrastructure to minimize latency and reduce origin exposure. For specific risks of traditional APIs, also consult the OWASP API Security Top 10.

The accelerated adoption of Large Language Models brought unprecedented benefits, but also introduced specific threats that transcend traditional software security. Unlike legacy systems, AIs process natural language, making the attack surface semantic and highly dynamic. To ensure secure performance in 2026, the OWASP framework offers the pragmatic approach needed to prioritize risks and apply technical mitigation at global scale.

Why do LLMs require a new security approach?

  • Unstructured Inputs: Natural language text is difficult to sanitize with traditional Regex rules.
  • Context Risk: Models retain chat history, creating windows for data leakage.
  • Semantic Attacks: Attackers explore the model’s “logic” (Prompt Injection) rather than syntax flaws.
  • Performance and Cost: Mitigating attacks directly in the model is expensive; mitigation should occur on the Distributed Computing Platform.

The 10 Critical Risks (OWASP LLM v2.0)

LLM01: Prompt Injection

Occurs when malicious inputs manipulate system instructions, leading the model to execute unauthorized commands.

  • Signs: Use of control terms like “ignore”, “override”, or “system prompt”.
  • Mitigation: Use Functions to implement semantic classifiers that neutralize suspicious inputs before they reach the model in the data center.

LLM02: Insecure Output Handling

Consuming model output without validation, allowing the LLM to generate malicious scripts (XSS) or executable commands.

LLM03: Training Data Poisoning

Tampering with training data to insert backdoors or biases.

  • Mitigation: Strict governance and digital signatures in training datasets.

LLM04: Model Theft / Extraction

Massive attacks to reconstruct the weights or behavior of a proprietary model.

  • Mitigation: Implement aggressive Rate Limiting and behavioral reconnaissance pattern detection on Global Infrastructure.

LLM05: Model Misuse

Using AI for illicit purposes, such as malware creation or disinformation.

  • Mitigation: Session risk scoring and challenges (CAPTCHA) for automated flows.

LLM06: Sensitive Data Exposure

The model reveals PII (personal data) or secrets present in context or training.

  • Mitigation: Real-time output inspection to mask CPFs, emails, and API keys before delivery to the user.

LLM07: Denial of Service (Model DoS)

Excessively complex prompts designed to overload resources and degrade performance.

  • Mitigation: Prompt size limitation and token quotas applied at distribution points.

LLM08: Privacy & Data Protection Compliance

Failure to meet requirements like GDPR in the AI context.

  • Mitigation: Regionalized data anonymization before transmission to the LLM provider.

LLM09: Supply Chain & Third-Party Risks

Dependency on compromised third-party plugins or models.

  • Mitigation: Isolation of external calls and use of circuit-breakers in global infrastructure.

LLM10: Lack of Monitoring, Logging and Incident Response

Absence of telemetry prevents detection of semantic abuses.

  • Mitigation: Integration of structured logs (prompt hashes) with SIEM for real-time event correlation.

Defense Architecture

To protect AI applications in 2026, Azion recommends a layered defense:

  1. Distributed Computing Layer (WAAP + Functions): Initial Prompt Injection filtering, bot detection, and PII removal (DLP).
  2. Gateway Layer: Authentication management (OAuth2) and global token quotas.
  3. Model Layer (Backend): LLM execution in isolated environment with final output validation.

The Azion Difference

Functions allow executing semantic detectors with ultra-low latency. This prevents malicious attacks from consuming expensive tokens from your model, reducing operational cost and improving application performance.

Conclusion

Generative AI security is not just a software problem, it’s an infrastructure and semantic challenge. By adopting the OWASP Top 10 for LLMs v2.0, companies ensure a solid governance foundation. Moving mitigation intelligence to the Distributed computing platform is the final step to ensure your AI is innovative, secure, and scalable.

Next Steps:

Related Content

Community